# Graph Classification Tutorial¶

Author: Mufei Li, Minjie Wang, Zheng Zhang.

In this tutorial, you learn how to use DGL to batch multiple graphs of variable size and shape. The tutorial also demonstrates training a graph neural network for a simple graph classification task.

Graph classification is an important problem with applications across many fields, such as bioinformatics, chemoinformatics, social network analysis, urban computing, and cybersecurity. Applying graph neural networks to this problem has been a popular approach recently. This can be seen in the following reserach references: Ying et al., 2018, Cangea et al., 2018, Knyazev et al., 2018, Bianchi et al., 2019, Liao et al., 2019, Gao et al., 2019).

## Simple graph classification task¶

In this tutorial, you learn how to perform batched graph classification with DGL. The example task objective is to classify eight types of topologies shown here.

Implement a synthetic dataset data.MiniGCDataset in DGL. The dataset has eight different types of graphs and each class has the same number of graph samples.

from dgl.data import MiniGCDataset
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import networkx as nx
# A dataset with 80 samples, each graph is
# of size [10, 20]
dataset = MiniGCDataset(80, 10, 20)
graph, label = dataset[0]
fig, ax = plt.subplots()
nx.draw(graph.to_networkx(), ax=ax)
ax.set_title('Class: {:d}'.format(label))
plt.show()


## Form a graph mini-batch¶

To train neural networks efficiently, a common practice is to batch multiple samples together to form a mini-batch. Batching fixed-shaped tensor inputs is common. For example, batching two images of size 28 x 28 gives a tensor of shape 2 x 28 x 28. By contrast, batching graph inputs has two challenges:

• Graphs are sparse.
• Graphs can have various length. For example, number of nodes and edges.

To address this, DGL provides a dgl.batch() API. It leverages the idea that a batch of graphs can be viewed as a large graph that has many disjointed connected components. Below is a visualization that gives the general idea.

Define the following collate function to form a mini-batch from a given list of graph and label pairs.

import dgl
import torch

def collate(samples):
# The input samples is a list of pairs
#  (graph, label).
graphs, labels = map(list, zip(*samples))
batched_graph = dgl.batch(graphs)
return batched_graph, torch.tensor(labels)


The return type of dgl.batch() is still a graph. In the same way, a batch of tensors is still a tensor. This means that any code that works for one graph immediately works for a batch of graphs. More importantly, because DGL processes messages on all nodes and edges in parallel, this greatly improves efficiency.

## Graph classifier¶

Graph classification proceeds as follows.

From a batch of graphs, perform message passing and graph convolution for nodes to communicate with others. After message passing, compute a tensor for graph representation from node (and edge) attributes. This step might be called readout or aggregation. Finally, the graph representations are fed into a classifier $$g$$ to predict the graph labels.

Graph convolution layer can be found in the dgl.nn.<backend> submodule.

from dgl.nn.pytorch import GraphConv


## Readout and classification¶

For this demonstration, consider initial node features to be their degrees. After two rounds of graph convolution, perform a graph readout by averaging over all node features for each graph in the batch.

$h_g=\frac{1}{|\mathcal{V}|}\sum_{v\in\mathcal{V}}h_{v}$

In DGL, dgl.mean_nodes() handles this task for a batch of graphs with variable size. You then feed the graph representations into a classifier with one linear layer to obtain pre-softmax logits.

import torch.nn as nn
import torch.nn.functional as F

class Classifier(nn.Module):
def __init__(self, in_dim, hidden_dim, n_classes):
super(Classifier, self).__init__()
self.conv1 = GraphConv(in_dim, hidden_dim)
self.conv2 = GraphConv(hidden_dim, hidden_dim)
self.classify = nn.Linear(hidden_dim, n_classes)

def forward(self, g):
# Use node degree as the initial node feature. For undirected graphs, the in-degree
# is the same as the out_degree.
h = g.in_degrees().view(-1, 1).float()
# Perform graph convolution and activation function.
h = F.relu(self.conv1(g, h))
h = F.relu(self.conv2(g, h))
g.ndata['h'] = h
# Calculate graph representation by averaging all the node representations.
hg = dgl.mean_nodes(g, 'h')
return self.classify(hg)


## Setup and training¶

Create a synthetic dataset of $$400$$ graphs with $$10$$ ~ $$20$$ nodes. $$320$$ graphs constitute a training set and $$80$$ graphs constitute a test set.

import torch.optim as optim
from torch.utils.data import DataLoader

# Create training and test sets.
trainset = MiniGCDataset(320, 10, 20)
testset = MiniGCDataset(80, 10, 20)
# Use PyTorch's DataLoader and the collate function
# defined before.
data_loader = DataLoader(trainset, batch_size=32, shuffle=True,
collate_fn=collate)

# Create model
model = Classifier(1, 256, trainset.num_classes)
loss_func = nn.CrossEntropyLoss()
optimizer = optim.Adam(model.parameters(), lr=0.001)
model.train()

epoch_losses = []
for epoch in range(80):
epoch_loss = 0
for iter, (bg, label) in enumerate(data_loader):
prediction = model(bg)
loss = loss_func(prediction, label)
optimizer.zero_grad()
loss.backward()
optimizer.step()
epoch_loss += loss.detach().item()
epoch_loss /= (iter + 1)
print('Epoch {}, loss {:.4f}'.format(epoch, epoch_loss))
epoch_losses.append(epoch_loss)


Out:

Epoch 0, loss 2.0116
Epoch 1, loss 1.9762
Epoch 2, loss 1.9659
Epoch 3, loss 1.9587
Epoch 4, loss 1.9469
Epoch 5, loss 1.9340
Epoch 6, loss 1.9216
Epoch 7, loss 1.9016
Epoch 8, loss 1.8761
Epoch 9, loss 1.8506
Epoch 10, loss 1.8041
Epoch 11, loss 1.7632
Epoch 12, loss 1.7122
Epoch 13, loss 1.6551
Epoch 14, loss 1.5931
Epoch 15, loss 1.5310
Epoch 16, loss 1.4592
Epoch 17, loss 1.4022
Epoch 18, loss 1.3529
Epoch 19, loss 1.3089
Epoch 20, loss 1.2425
Epoch 21, loss 1.2016
Epoch 22, loss 1.1610
Epoch 23, loss 1.1071
Epoch 24, loss 1.0905
Epoch 25, loss 1.0614
Epoch 26, loss 1.0212
Epoch 27, loss 1.0048
Epoch 28, loss 0.9795
Epoch 29, loss 0.9514
Epoch 30, loss 0.9474
Epoch 31, loss 0.9191
Epoch 32, loss 0.9247
Epoch 33, loss 0.8849
Epoch 34, loss 0.8891
Epoch 35, loss 0.8659
Epoch 36, loss 0.8487
Epoch 37, loss 0.8437
Epoch 38, loss 0.8419
Epoch 39, loss 0.8316
Epoch 40, loss 0.8131
Epoch 41, loss 0.8135
Epoch 42, loss 0.8123
Epoch 43, loss 0.8002
Epoch 44, loss 0.8135
Epoch 45, loss 0.8021
Epoch 46, loss 0.7903
Epoch 47, loss 0.7773
Epoch 48, loss 0.7683
Epoch 49, loss 0.7549
Epoch 50, loss 0.7654
Epoch 51, loss 0.7553
Epoch 52, loss 0.7494
Epoch 53, loss 0.7368
Epoch 54, loss 0.7285
Epoch 55, loss 0.7252
Epoch 56, loss 0.7302
Epoch 57, loss 0.7197
Epoch 58, loss 0.7158
Epoch 59, loss 0.7110
Epoch 60, loss 0.7348
Epoch 61, loss 0.7274
Epoch 62, loss 0.7065
Epoch 63, loss 0.7094
Epoch 64, loss 0.6970
Epoch 65, loss 0.6923
Epoch 66, loss 0.7011
Epoch 67, loss 0.6895
Epoch 68, loss 0.6807
Epoch 69, loss 0.7053
Epoch 70, loss 0.6866
Epoch 71, loss 0.6882
Epoch 72, loss 0.6805
Epoch 73, loss 0.6753
Epoch 74, loss 0.6696
Epoch 75, loss 0.6767
Epoch 76, loss 0.6825
Epoch 77, loss 0.6751
Epoch 78, loss 0.6796
Epoch 79, loss 0.6704


The learning curve of a run is presented below.

plt.title('cross entropy averaged over minibatches')
plt.plot(epoch_losses)
plt.show()


The trained model is evaluated on the test set created. To deploy the tutorial, restrict the running time to get a higher accuracy ($$80$$ % ~ $$90$$ %) than the ones printed below.

model.eval()
# Convert a list of tuples to two lists
test_X, test_Y = map(list, zip(*testset))
test_bg = dgl.batch(test_X)
test_Y = torch.tensor(test_Y).float().view(-1, 1)
probs_Y = torch.softmax(model(test_bg), 1)
sampled_Y = torch.multinomial(probs_Y, 1)
argmax_Y = torch.max(probs_Y, 1)[1].view(-1, 1)
print('Accuracy of sampled predictions on the test set: {:.4f}%'.format(
(test_Y == sampled_Y.float()).sum().item() / len(test_Y) * 100))
print('Accuracy of argmax predictions on the test set: {:4f}%'.format(
(test_Y == argmax_Y.float()).sum().item() / len(test_Y) * 100))


Out:

Accuracy of sampled predictions on the test set: 60.0000%
Accuracy of argmax predictions on the test set: 72.500000%


The animation here plots the probability that a trained model predicts the correct graph type.

To understand the node and graph representations that a trained model learned, we use t-SNE, for dimensionality reduction and visualization.

The two small figures on the top separately visualize node representations after one and two layers of graph convolution. The figure on the bottom visualizes the pre-softmax logits for graphs as graph representations.

While the visualization does suggest some clustering effects of the node features, you would not expect a perfect result. Node degrees are deterministic for these node features. The graph features are improved when separated.

## What’s next?¶

Graph classification with graph neural networks is still a new field. It’s waiting for people to bring more exciting discoveries. The work requires mapping different graphs to different embeddings, while preserving their structural similarity in the embedding space. To learn more about it, see How Powerful Are Graph Neural Networks? a research paper published for the International Conference on Learning Representations 2019.

For more examples about batched graph processing, see the following:

Total running time of the script: ( 0 minutes 15.687 seconds)

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